Charging your iPhone overnight will not harm your battery in the slightest.
Charging your iPhone from 90% will not harm your battery either (the original question I received an A2A for was whether you should recharge your iPhone from 90% regularly or not, but it has been merged into this question).
You simply can't overcharge an iPhone, or any other modern electronic device, for that matter. Any device that uses a Lithium Ion or Lithium Polymer battery must incorporate a charging circuit that cuts off charging power when the battery reaches 100%*
In other words, when your iPhone is plugged in and reaches 100%, it switches to external power and simply runs from that (as some other answers have explained).
Similarly, charging your battery before it's fully depleted will also not harm your battery at all, and is actually the preferable way of charging your battery. While Lithium Ion batteries are rated for a limited number of "charge cycles' (about 500 in the case of the iPhone), the term "charge cycle" refers to complete recharges, and partial recharges simply use up partial charge cycles. In other words, every time you charge your iPhone up from 90%, you're using 1/10th, or 10%, of a complete charge cycle. This means you could charge your iPhone up from 90%-100% 5,000 times before you'd have to worry about running out of charge cycles.
However, if you deliberately drain your battery to zero and then recharge it, instead of simply plugging it in when it needs to be charged, you're needlessly using up a completecharge cycle. Obviously if you're using your iPhone until the battery goes dead, that's fair, but there's no need to deliberately drain it before recharging it, and you'll actually shorten your battery life if you do so.
The bottom line is that most people worry about their batteries way more than they need to, largely because of very real issues with older Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) batteries that no longer apply with Lithium-Ion batteries yet remain persistent myths that refuse to die. For the vast majority of iPhone users, you're safe to plug your iPhone in when you need to, leave it plugged in as necessary, and use it normally. You're not hurting your battery by doing so unless you're a seriously atypical user.
*While Lithium Ion batteries used in most modern electronics, including the iPhone, technically can be overcharged, any properly designed electronic device must cut off the charging current when the battery reaches 100%. If a Lithium Ion battery is allowed to overcharge, it is very likely to catch fire and possibly even explode – a serious safety hazard that no reputable company is going to risk by taking shortcuts when designing electronic charging circuits, even if they could sneak such a design past the necessary regulatory standards bodies.
Charging your iPhone from 90% will not harm your battery either (the original question I received an A2A for was whether you should recharge your iPhone from 90% regularly or not, but it has been merged into this question).
You simply can't overcharge an iPhone, or any other modern electronic device, for that matter. Any device that uses a Lithium Ion or Lithium Polymer battery must incorporate a charging circuit that cuts off charging power when the battery reaches 100%*
In other words, when your iPhone is plugged in and reaches 100%, it switches to external power and simply runs from that (as some other answers have explained).
Similarly, charging your battery before it's fully depleted will also not harm your battery at all, and is actually the preferable way of charging your battery. While Lithium Ion batteries are rated for a limited number of "charge cycles' (about 500 in the case of the iPhone), the term "charge cycle" refers to complete recharges, and partial recharges simply use up partial charge cycles. In other words, every time you charge your iPhone up from 90%, you're using 1/10th, or 10%, of a complete charge cycle. This means you could charge your iPhone up from 90%-100% 5,000 times before you'd have to worry about running out of charge cycles.
However, if you deliberately drain your battery to zero and then recharge it, instead of simply plugging it in when it needs to be charged, you're needlessly using up a completecharge cycle. Obviously if you're using your iPhone until the battery goes dead, that's fair, but there's no need to deliberately drain it before recharging it, and you'll actually shorten your battery life if you do so.
The bottom line is that most people worry about their batteries way more than they need to, largely because of very real issues with older Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) batteries that no longer apply with Lithium-Ion batteries yet remain persistent myths that refuse to die. For the vast majority of iPhone users, you're safe to plug your iPhone in when you need to, leave it plugged in as necessary, and use it normally. You're not hurting your battery by doing so unless you're a seriously atypical user.
*While Lithium Ion batteries used in most modern electronics, including the iPhone, technically can be overcharged, any properly designed electronic device must cut off the charging current when the battery reaches 100%. If a Lithium Ion battery is allowed to overcharge, it is very likely to catch fire and possibly even explode – a serious safety hazard that no reputable company is going to risk by taking shortcuts when designing electronic charging circuits, even if they could sneak such a design past the necessary regulatory standards bodies.
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